What is turbulence penetration speed and when should you use it?

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Turbulence penetration speed is the indicated airspeed you fly when you expect moderate to severe turbulence to keep gust-induced loads on the airframe within safe limits. Since gusts can push the airplane up or down, the loads they create increase roughly with the square of the airspeed, so flying near maneuvering speed (Va) minimizes the structural stress while still preserving control effectiveness. Va varies with weight, so the turbulence penetration speed is typically around Va for the current weight. Use this speed in moderate to severe turbulence to protect the airframe; in light turbulence you can fly closer to your normal desired speed, but in stronger turbulence the near-Va speed helps reduce structural loads.